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Appendix: irregular verb forms

form
past
past participle
Base form Past tense Past participle
arise arose arisen
awake awoke awoken
be was, were been
bear bore borne
beat beat beaten
become became become

Form: passive voice

form
passive
past participle

be + past participle

The passive is formed by making the object of the active sentence the subject of the new sentence and using the appropriate form of the passive auxiliary be + the past participle form of the verb. Be is in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence.

GET + object + past participle

causative
past participle

This structure has the same meaning as have + object + past participle, but get is more informal:

I got my hair cut this morning.
Could you get this jacket cleaned?
They finally got the car serviced.

HAVE + object + past participle

causative
past participle

This structure is generally used when we talk about professional services provided for a customer. It means that we are not doing something ourselves but arranging for someone to do it for us:

I had my hair cut this morning. (A hairdresser cut my hair.)
I'm going to have my apartment painted. (I'm going to ask someone to paint my apartment.)

HAVE, GET + object + past participle

past participle

Have/get + object + past participle means "cause something to be done". We use this structure when we arrange for a professional to do something for us. Get is more informal:

Did you have your computer fixed?
I need to get my suit cleaned.

Participles in non-finite relative clauses

clauses
participle
past participle
present participle

The present participle in a non-finite relative clause can occur if the preceding noun is the subject of the participle. Present participle clauses correspond to finite relative clauses in the active voice:

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