Book tree
currently containing 423 book pages, 76 diagrams, 33 quotes and 8 pictures
- Time, tense and aspect
- Guiding questions: time, tense and aspect
- The difference between times and tenses
- Aspects
- Past time
- Present time
- Guiding questions: present time
- Present simple
- Present continuous
- Present perfect
- Form: present perfect
- Present perfect for past actions
- Present perfect for recent events with a result in the present
- Present perfect with an incomplete period
- Present perfect with superlative forms of adjectives
- Present perfect to express annoyance
- Present perfect with JUST
- Present perfect with FOR and SINCE
- IT'S + period + SINCE
- Present perfect continuous
- Revision questions: present time
- Future time
- Tenses in indirect speech
- Modals
- Guiding questions: modals
- The use of modals
- Categories of meaning expressed by modals, modal idioms and semi-auxiliaries
- Ability with modals
- Advice with modals
- Certainty / uncertainty with modals
- Criticism with modals
- Habits with modals
- Hypothesis with modals
- Necessity / obligation with modals
- Offers with modals
- Permission / prohibition with modals
- Possibility with modals
- Prediction / expectation / assumption with modals
- Requests with modals
- Suggestions with modals
- Unlikelihood with modals
- Willingness / unwillingness with modals
- Modals and their meaning
- Miscellaneous modal structures
- Modals in indirect speech
- Revision questions: modals
- Conditionals and unreal tenses
- Guiding questions: conditionals and unreal tenses
- Unreal tenses
- IF-sentences and conditionals
- Zero conditional
- First conditional
- The difference between the zero and the first conditional
- Second conditional
- Third conditional
- Mixed conditionals
- Modals used in conditional sentences
- Linking words used instead of IF
- Less likely conditions
- Inversion in conditional sentences
- Notes: IF-sentences and conditionals
- WISH, IF ONLY
- IT'S (HIGH) TIME
- AS IF, AS THOUGH
- WOULD RATHER, WOULD SOONER
- PREFER, WOULD PREFER
- Revision questions: conditionals and unreal tenses
- Indirect speech
- Guiding questions: indirect speech
- The difference between direct and indirect speech
- Reporting: basic sentence structures
- Changes in indirect speech
- Reporting verbs
- The function of reporting verbs
- Common reporting sentence structures
- Reporting sentence structure: verb + TO + infinitive
- Reporting sentence structure: verb + somebody + TO + infinitive
- Reporting sentence structure: verb + noun / gerund (-ING)
- Reporting sentence structure: verb + THAT + clause
- Reporting sentence structure: verb + THAT + clause with SHOULD + infinitive
- Reporting sentence structure: verb + THAT + clause with subjunctive
- Notes: indirect speech
- Revision questions: indirect speech
- Passive voice and causative structures
- Guiding questions: passive voice and causative structures
- Passive voice
- Causative structures
- Revision questions: passive voice and causative structures
- Non-finite verb forms
- Guiding questions: non-finite verb forms
- The finite / non-finite distinction
- The aspect of non-finite forms
- The subject of non-finite forms
- The use of non-finite forms
- The use of infinitives
- BE + superlative adjective + TO + infinitive
- FEEL, HEAR, SEE, WATCH, LISTEN, NOTICE + somebody / something + infinitive
- IT IS / WAS + adjective + (FOR SOMEBODY) TO + infinitive
- IT IS / WAS + adjective + (OF SOMEBODY) TO + infinitive
- IT IS / WAS + certain nouns + TO + infinitive
- ONLY TO + infinitive
- Question word + TO + infinitive
- TO + infinitive as the subject of a clause
- TOO, ENOUGH
- The infinitive after APPEAR, SEEM, HAPPEN, TURN OUT
- The infinitive after certain adjectives (SORRY, DIFFICULT, HAPPY, ABLE, AFRAID, ASHAMED etc.)
- The infinitive in certain expressions
- The infinitive of purpose
- Verbs followed by TO + infinitive
- The use of participles
- FEEL, HEAR, SEE, WATCH, LISTEN, NOTICE + somebody / something + present participle
- GO and COME + present participle
- The past participle replacing a clause
- The perfect participle replacing a clause
- The present and past participles used as adjectives
- The present participle replacing a clause
- The present participle in certain phrases
- The use of gerunds
- Notes: gerund or present participle?
- The use of infinitives
- Verbs followed by TO + infinitive or the gerund
- Revision questions: non-finite verb forms
- Relative clauses
- Guiding questions: relative clauses
- What is a relative clause?
- The difference between defining and non-defining relative clauses
- Relative pronouns
- The use of prepositions in relative clauses
- WHAT and WHATEVER
- Emphasis and relative clauses
- Non-finite clauses replacing a relative clause
- Revision questions: relative clauses
- Inversion
- Guiding questions: inversion
- What is inversion?
- Full inversion
- Partial inversion
- Revision questions: inversion
- Articles
- The indefinite article (A, AN)
- The indefinite article with a member of a class
- The indefinite article in expressions of quantity
- The indefinite article with certain numbers and fractions
- The indefinite article with professions
- The indefinite article with certain illnesses
- The indefinite article instead of PER
- The indefinite article with a proper name
- The definite article (THE)
- The definite article with a whole class
- The definite article with ordinal numbers and with superlative adjectives
- The definite article with adjectives
- The definite article with geographic names
- The definite article with group nouns
- The definite article with historical references
- The definite article with musical instruments and dances
- The definite article with names of families
- The definite article with names of places and institutions
- The definite article with proper names
- The definite article with titles and positions
- The definite article with titles of books, newspapers etc.
- The definite article with unique objects
- The definite article with certain nouns
- The zero article (-)
- The zero article with proper names
- The zero article with names of places and institutions
- The zero article with names of days, months, seasons and holidays
- The zero article with names of pubs, restaurants etc. ending in 'S
- The zero article with names of sports, games and activities
- The zero article with geographical names
- The zero article with places
- The zero article with prepositional phrases
- The zero article with certain nouns
- The indefinite article (A, AN)
- Countable and uncountable nouns
- The difference between countable and uncountable nouns
- Nouns with countable and uncountable meanings
- Determiners with countable and uncountable nouns (SOME, ANY, NO, MANY, MUCH, FEW, LITTLE etc.)
- Partitive expressions with uncountable nouns
- Nouns with a singular form and a singular or plural meaning (collective nouns)
- Nouns which are always plural
- Nouns with a plural form and a singular meaning
- Nouns with the same singular and plural forms
- Irregular plural forms
- The subjunctive
- Appendix
