The past participle replacing a clause
The actionA general term expressing that somebody or something does something expressed by the past participle happens before or at the same time as another one. The participle replaces a clauseA group of related words containing a subject and a verb. with a passive verbA part of speech that expresses an action or a state. E.g.: John seldom plays tennis..
Shocked by the explosion, the people ran for shelter. (= As/After/Since they were shocked by the explosion, the people ran for shelter.)
Then we stood up, surrounded by thunderous applause. (= We stood up while/as we were surrounded by thunderous applause.)
If we want to emphasize that the action happens before the other one, we use a perfectThe aspect expressing completion. E.g.: He’s finished university. passive participle:
Having been beaten by Tyson, Geoffrey decided to give up boxing. (= After/As he had been beaten by Tyson, Geoffrey decided to give up boxing.)
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- Modals in the IF-clause of third conditional sentences
- Modals in the IF-clause of second conditional sentences
- Modals in the IF-clause of first conditional sentences
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