Here we discuss structureThe way in which the parts of a sentence, clause or expression are arranged. E.g.: make somebody + infinitive in "The teacher made me rewrite the composition."s which express how certain the speaker is whether something happened, happens or will happen.

• Modals expressing past certainty / uncertainty
• Modals expressing present and future certainty / uncertainty

Modals expressing present and future advice
Categories of meaning expressed by modals, modal idioms and semi-auxiliaries Modals expressing past certainty / uncertainty